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Saturday, October 8, 2022

Cloud Computing – History

 

According to Wikipedia website?

The Wikipedia page starts its history section with following lines: 

The term cloud was used to refer to platforms for distributed computing as early as 1993, when Apple spin-off General Magic and AT&T used it in describing their (paired) Telescript and Personal Link technologies.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

And then with these history lines:

In July 2002, Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services, with the goal to "enable developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own." In March 2006 Amazon introduced its Simple Storage Service (S3), followed by Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in August of the same year.[19][20] These products pioneered the usage of server virtualization to deliver IaaS at a cheaper and on-demand pricing basis.

In April 2008, Google released the beta version of Google App Engine.[21] The App Engine was a PaaS (one of the first of its kind) which provided fully maintained infrastructure and a deployment platform for users to create web applications using common languages/technologies such as PythonNode.js and PHP. The goal was to eliminate the need for some administrative tasks typical of an IaaS model, while creating a platform where users could easily deploy such applications and scale them to demand.[22]

In early 2008, NASA's Nebula,[23] enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[24]

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

Lastly the 2010s history section goes like this:

In February 2010, Microsoft released Microsoft Azure, which was announced in October 2008.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet.[40] Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical part. On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud.[41] This cloud offering is poised to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.[42][43][44]

In May 2012, Google Compute Engine was released in preview, before being rolled out into General Availability in December 2013.[45]

In 2019, Linux was the most common OS used on Microsoft Azure.[46] In December 2019, Amazon announced AWS Outposts, which is a fully managed service that extends AWS infrastructure, AWS services, APIs, and tools to virtually any customer datacenter, co-location space, or on-premises facility for a truly consistent hybrid experience.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing>

According to techtarget website?

History of cloud computing

The history and evolution of cloud computing date back to the 1950s and 1960s.

In the 1950s, companies started to use large mainframe computers, but it was too expensive to buy a computer for each user. So, during the late 1950s and early 1960s, a process called time sharing was developed to make more efficient use of expensive processor time on the central mainframe.

Time sharing enabled users to access numerous instances of computing mainframes simultaneously, maximizing processing power and minimizing downtime. This idea represents the first use of shared computing resources, the foundation of modern cloud computing.

The origins of delivering computing resources using a global network are, for the most part, rooted in 1969 when American computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider helped create the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, the so-called precursor to the internet. Licklider's goal was to connect computers across the globe in a way that would enable users to access programs and information from any location.

In the 1970s, cloud computing began taking a more tangible shape with the introduction of the first VMs, enabling users to run more than one computing system within a single physical setup. The functionality of these VMs led to the concept of virtualization, which had a major influence on the progress of cloud computing.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Microsoft, Apple and IBM developed technologies that enhanced the cloud environment and advanced the use of the cloud server and server hosting. Then, in 1999, Salesforce became the first company to deliver business applications from a website.

In 2006, Amazon launched AWS, providing such services as computing and storage in the cloud. Following suit, the other major tech players, including Microsoft and Google, subsequently launched their own cloud offerings to compete with AWS.

From <https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/cloud-computing>

According to salesforce website?

The History of Cloud Computing

The Internet has its roots in the 1960s, but it wasn't until the early 1990s that it had any relevance for businesses. The World Wide Web was born in 1991, and in 1993 a web browser called Mosaic was released that allowed users to view web pages that included graphics as well as text. This heralded the first company web sites – and not surprisingly, most of these belonged to companies involved in computing and technology.

As internet connections got faster and more reliable, a new type of company called an Application Service Provider or ASP started to appear. ASPs took existing business applications on computing software and ran them for their customers to access on the internet for a monthly fee. 

But it wasn't until right at the end of the 1990s that cloud computing as we know it today appeared. That's when Salesforce introduced its own multi-tenant application which was specifically designed to do three things:

·         Run "in the cloud"

·         Be accessible over the internet from a web browser

·         Be used by large numbers of customers simultaneously at low cost

Since then, the cloud has grown and grown. In fact, spending on cloud services is estimated to increase exponentially – from nearly $70 billion in 2015 to an estimated $141 billion or more in 2019.

From <https://www.salesforce.com/in/learning-centre/tech/cloudcomputing/>

These many are the definitions and descriptions of Cloud Computing at your perusal from reputed websites. Choose any one/two or many definitions in your seminar topic article.

If you find any other related links, please add them in comment section. That will help other students to find the material easily.

…till next post, bye-bye & take-care.

Friday, October 7, 2022

Cloud Computing – Benefits & Uses

 

According to Microsoft website?

Top benefits of cloud computing

Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. Here are seven common reasons organisations are turning to cloud computing services:

Cost

Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting up and running on-site datacenters—the racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity for power and cooling, the IT experts for managing the infrastructure. It adds up fast.

Speed

Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure off capacity planning.

Global scale

The benefits of cloud computing services include the ability to scale elastically. In cloud speak, that means delivering the right amount of IT resources—for example, more or less computing power, storage, bandwidth—right when it is needed and from the right geographic location.

Productivity

On-site datacenters typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”—hardware setup, software patching, and other time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.

Performance

The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters, which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware. This offers several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced network latency for applications and greater economies of scale.

Reliability

Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.

Security

Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies and controls that strengthen your security posture overall, helping protect your data, apps and infrastructure from potential threats.

From <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-cloud-computing/#benefits>

Uses of cloud computing

You are probably using cloud computing right now, even if you don’t realise it. If you use an online service to send email, edit documents, watch movies or TV, listen to music, play games or store pictures and other files, it is likely that cloud computing is making it all possible behind the scenes. The first cloud computing services are barely a decade old, but already a variety of organisations—from tiny startups to global corporations, government agencies to non-profits—are embracing the technology for all sorts of reasons.

Here are a few examples of what is possible today with cloud services from a cloud provider:

Create cloud-native applications

Quickly build, deploy and scale applications—web, mobile and API. Take advantage of cloud-native technologies and approaches, such as containers, Kubernetes, microservices architecture, API-driven communication and DevOps.

Test and build applications

Reduce application development cost and time by using cloud infrastructures that can easily be scaled up or down.

Store, back up and recover data

Protect your data more cost-efficiently—and at massive scale—by transferring your data over the Internet to an offsite cloud storage system that is accessible from any location and any device.

Analyse data

Unify your data across teams, divisions and locations in the cloud. Then use cloud services, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, to uncover insights for more informed decisions.

Stream audio and video

Connect with your audience anywhere, anytime, on any device with high-definition video and audio with global distribution.

Embed intelligence

Use intelligent models to help engage customers and provide valuable insights from the data captured.

Deliver software on demand

Also known as software as a service (SaaS), on-demand software lets you offer the latest software versions and updates around to customers—anytime they need, anywhere they are.

From <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-cloud-computing/#cloud-computing-models>

According to Google website?

 

What are the benefits of cloud computing?

It’s flexible

Due to the architecture of cloud computing, enterprises and their users can access cloud services from anywhere with an internet connection, scaling services up or down as needed.

It’s efficient

Enterprises can develop new applications and rapidly get them into production—without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.

It offers strategic value

Because cloud providers stay on top of the latest innovations and offer them as services to customers, enterprises can get more competitive advantages—and a higher return on investment—than if they’d invested in soon-to-be obsolete technologies.

It’s secure

Enterprises often ask, What are the security risks of cloud computing? They are considered relatively low. Cloud computing security is generally recognized as stronger than that in enterprise data centers, because of the depth and breadth of the security mechanisms cloud providers put into place. Plus, cloud providers’ security teams are known as top experts in the field.

It’s cost-effective

Whatever cloud computing service model is used, enterprises only pay for the computing resources they use. They don’t need to overbuild data center capacity to handle unexpected spikes in demand or business growth, and they can deploy IT staff to work on more strategic initiatives.

From <https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-cloud-computing#section-1>

What is cloud computing used for?

Cloud computing offers a broad range of possible applications that can benefit organizations. Here are some common use cases:

Infrastructure scaling

Many organizations, including those in retail, have wildly varying needs for compute capacity. Cloud computing easily accommodates these fluctuations.  

Disaster recovery

Rather than building more data centers to ensure continuity during disasters, businesses use cloud computing to safely back up their digital assets.

Data storage

Cloud computing helps overloaded data centers by storing large volumes of data, making it more accessible, easing analysis, and making backup easier.

Application development

Cloud computing offers enterprise developers quick access to tools and platforms for building and testing applications, speeding up time to market.

Big data analytics

Cloud computing offers almost unlimited resources to process large volumes of data to speed research and reduce time to insights. 

From <https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-cloud-computing#section-1>

 According to Oracle website? 

Cloud computing provides a superior alternative to traditional information technology, including these areas:

·         Cost—eliminate capital expenses

·         Speed—instantly provision space for development and testing

·         Global scale—scale elastically

·         Productivity—increased collaboration, predictable performance, and customer isolation

·         Performance—better price/performance for cloud native workloads

·         Reliability—fault-tolerant, scalable, distributed systems across all services

 

From <https://www.oracle.com/au/cloud/what-is-cloud-computing/>

How cloud computing fosters innovation

Cloud customers benefit from automatically having the latest innovations and emerging technologies built into their IT systems, because the cloud provider takes on the work of developing new capabilities and features.

It’s about the speed of innovation. With the right cloud provider, customers can leverage a modern cloud computing architecture to innovate faster, increase productivity, and lower costs. Better yet, choosing a cloud provider that offers an integrated cloud (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS) architecture gives businesses the ability to move from operations to innovation and deliver new apps and services, including the use of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), chatbots, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Companies can harness the abundance of data to gain predictive insights into their businesses and ultimately drive better outcomes for their customers.

From <https://www.oracle.com/au/cloud/what-is-cloud-computing/>

According to simplilearn website? 

Benefits of Cloud Computing

Cloud platforms offer some significant benefits today, which are driving businesses to adopt Cloud Computing. Those major benefits include:

·         Speed

·         Cost

·         Scalability

·         Accessibility

·         Better Security

1. Speed

If you want an IT resource or service from the cloud, it is available almost instantaneously, and ready for production virtually at the same time. This means that the product, service, and the go-live date hit the market almost immediately, a considerable advantage over using a legacy environment. This has helped many businesses’ services generate revenue much sooner after they go live.

2. Cost

Planning and buying the right kind of hardware has always been a challenge in the traditional legacy environment. If you purchase hardware that doesn’t fit your needs, then chances are you might need to live with that purchase indefinitely. However, this is not an issue with the cloud, since you do not need to buy any hardware. Instead, you pay to use the host’s hardware, and once it does not fit your needs, you can release it and can replace it with a better configuration. In that way, you save a lot of money since you only pay for the time you use.

3. Scalability

In a legacy environment, forecasting demands is a full-time job, but with cloud services, you can easily set up an automated monitoring tool to do the job for you. That information will let you accurately upscale or downscale the rate of work you do depend on the needs.

4. Accessibility

Cloud Computing allows you to access resources, data, services, and applications from anywhere you want, as long as you are connected to the internet. If you are not connected to the internet, some tools and techniques will allow you to access the cloud whenever needed.

5. Better Security 

Ensuring that your data is stored in a secure, durable place is a priority for all businesses. The cloud provides highly secure storage for customers’ data, yet letting it be accessed anytime and anyplace that it’s required. Also, all data stored in the cloud is encrypted and secured so that it cannot be tampered with. 

From <https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/cloud-computing-tutorial/what-is-cloud-computing>

 According to salesforce website?

Who uses the cloud?

The cloud has become so integral to our everyday lives that most people use it without even realising. In fact, for many people, life without the cloud would be radically different. There would be no Facebook, no Twitter, no Gmail, and no Spotify.

The cloud has transformed the business landscape, too. Today millions of organisations around the world rely on cloud services for everything from document creation and backup to social CRM and accounts. And just to start.

Here's what that looks like:

·         Companies with over 25,000 employees use an average of 545 cloud apps or services.

·         As of March 2016 there were on average 1.09 billion daily active users on Facebook worldwide.

·         Over half of all Internet users rely on cloud-based email services like Gmail and Yahoo! Mail to send and receive their messages.

From <https://www.salesforce.com/in/learning-centre/tech/cloudcomputing/>

According to jigsawacademy website?

Why use cloud computing?

To summarize, these characteristics of cloud computing offer the following benefits:

·         With cloud computing, purchasing hardware and software is significantly cheaper.

·         A good internet connection is required to access all of the information you need at any time and from any location.

·         As demand increases, you can easily increase the capacity of this system. The services can be scaled and customized to meet the needs of individual users.

·         Cloud service providers spend a lot of money on security to ensure that their customers receive high-quality services.

·         Reliable storage can be found in the cloud. The process of backing up and restoring data is simple, inexpensive, and fast.

·         Enterprise users can easily access services and applications without worrying about the underlying cost of infrastructures, making it more cost- and time-effective. This gives a boost to the firm’s productivity.

From <https://www.jigsawacademy.com/blogs/cloud-computing/characteristics-of-cloud-computing/>

 

These many are the definitions and descriptions of Cloud Computing at your perusal from reputed websites. Choose any one/two or many definitions in your seminar topic article.

If you find any other related links, please add them in comment section. That will help other students to find the material easily.

…till next post, bye-bye & take-care.

Thursday, October 6, 2022

Cloud Computing - Definition & Descriptions

According to Wikipedia?

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each location being a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a "pay-as-you-go" model, which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for users.

From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing>

According to IBM website?

Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to computing resources—applications, servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data storage, development tools, networking capabilities, and more—hosted at a remote data center managed by a cloud services provider (or CSP). The CSP makes these resources available for a monthly subscription fee or bills them according to usage.

Compared to traditional on-premises IT, and depending on the cloud services you select, cloud computing helps do the following:

·         Lower IT costs: Cloud lets you offload some or most of the costs and effort of purchasing, installing, configuring, and managing your own on-premises infrastructure. 

·         Improve agility and time-to-value: With cloud, your organization can start using enterprise applications in minutes, instead of waiting weeks or months for IT to respond to a request, purchase and configure supporting hardware, and install software. Cloud also lets you empower certain users—specifically developers and data scientists—to help themselves to software and support infrastructure.

·         Scale more easily and cost-effectively: Cloud provides elasticity—instead of purchasing excess capacity that sits unused during slow periods, you can scale capacity up and down in response to spikes and dips in traffic. You can also take advantage of your cloud provider’s global network to spread your applications closer to users around the world. 

From <https://www.ibm.com/in-en/cloud/learn/cloud-computing#toc-what-isclo-mt3Y0Fsu> 

According to Microsoft website?

Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change. 

From <https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-cloud-computing/#benefits>

According to Google website? 

What is Cloud Computing? 

Understanding the types of cloud computing resources can be time-consuming and costly. Enterprises need to buy physical servers and other infrastructure through procurement processes that can take months, and support the architecture of cloud computing. The acquired systems require a physical space, typically a specialized room with sufficient power and cooling. After configuring and deploying the systems, enterprises need expert personnel to manage them. 

This long process is difficult to scale when demand spikes or business expands. Enterprises can acquire more computing resources than needed, ending up with low utilization numbers. 

Cloud computing addresses these issues by offering computing resources as scalable, on-demand services. Learn more about Google Cloud, a suite of cloud computing service models offered by Google. 

From <https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-cloud-computing#section-1> 

According to Investopedia website? 

What Is Cloud Computing? 

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software. 

Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the software programs to run it. 

Cloud computing is a popular option for people and businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings, increased productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security. 

KEY TAKEAWAYS

·         Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet, including data storage, servers, databases, networking, and software.

·         Cloud storage has grown increasingly popular among individuals who need larger storage space and for businesses seeking an efficient off-site data back-up solution.

·         Cloud-based storage makes it possible to save files to a remote database and retrieve them on demand.

·         Services can be both public and private—public services are provided online for a fee while private services are hosted on a network to specific clients.

·         Cloud security has become an increasingly important field in IT. 

Understanding Cloud Computing 

Cloud computing is named as such because the information being accessed is found remotely in the cloud or a virtual space. Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store files and applications on remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet. This means the user is not required to be in a specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user to work remotely. 

Cloud computing takes all the heavy lifting involved in crunching and processing data away from the device you carry around or sit and work at. It also moves all of that work to huge computer clusters far away in cyberspace. The Internet becomes the cloud, and voilà—your data, work, and applications are available from any device with which you can connect to the Internet, anywhere in the world. 

Cloud computing can be both public and private. Public cloud services provide their services over the Internet for a fee. Private cloud services, on the other hand, only provide services to a certain number of people. These services are a system of networks that supply hosted services. There is also a hybrid option, which combines elements of both the public and private services. 

From <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cloud-computing.asp#toc-what-is-cloud-computing> 

According to javatpoint website? 

What is Cloud Computing? 

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more. 

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

·         Developing new applications and services

·         Storage, back up, and recovery of data

·         Hosting blogs and websites

·         Delivery of software on demand

·         Analysis of data

·         Streaming videos and audios

 From <https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-tutorial> 

Why Cloud Computing? 

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic need of IT companies. 

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence. 

From <https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-tutorial>

According to w3schools website? 

Cloud Computing has become the buzzing topic of today's technology, driving mainly by marketing and services offered by prominent corporate organizations like Google, IBM & Amazon. Cloud computing is the next stage to evolve the Internet. Though for some people, "Cloud Computing" is a big deal, it is not. In reality, cloud computing is something that we have been using for a long time; it is the internet facility, along with the associated standards that provide a set of web-services to users. When users draw the term 'Internet' as a "cloud", they represent the essential characteristics of cloud computing. 

From <https://w3schools.in/cloud-computing/>

Effect of Cloud on human lives 

·         The application became cheaper, easier to find, and use.

·         The new application becomes more comfortable to develop & create based on a standard modular part.

·         Cloud will provide new social services by connecting through social networks.

·         Lessen the usage of proprietary operating systems in our daily computing.

·         Connection to the cloud can be made whenever we want 

From <https://w3schools.in/cloud-computing/> 

Why this cloud technology? 

The small and extensive IT companies follow the old traditions of managing IT infrastructure, i.e., server room, to keep all the details and maintain that server. In a word, it is a server room consists of database servers, mail server, firewalls, routers, switches, QPS (Query per second) & Load handler, and other networking devices along with server engineers. To provide such IT infrastructure, a huge amount of money has to spend. So, to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing technology came into play. 

From <https://w3schools.in/cloud-computing/> 

How cloud computing works? 

The cloud has to be divided into different layers. These layers are the front-end and back-end layers. The Front-end layer is that part of the cloud with which users can interact with. For example, when we log in to our Gmail account, we see the UI (user interface) where everything works on event-driven buttons and graphics. Similarly, the software also runs in the front end of the cloud. Again, the back-end comprises hardware as well as software that delivers the back-end data from the database to the front end. 

From <https://www.w3schools.in/cloud-computing/how-cloud-computing-works> 

According to Amazon website? 

What is cloud computing? 

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access technology services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS). 

From <https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/>

According to Oracle website? 

What is cloud computing? 

Cloud computing and associated solutions provide access through the web to computing resources and products, including development tools, business applications, compute services, data storage, and networking solutions. These cloud services are hosted at a software vendor’s data center and managed by the cloud services provider or onsite at a customer's data center. 

From <https://www.oracle.com/au/cloud/what-is-cloud-computing/> 

Cloud computing defined 

In simple terms, cloud computing allows you to rent instead of buy your IT. Rather than investing heavily in databases, software, and hardware, companies opt to access their compute power via the internet, or the cloud, and pay for it as they use it. These cloud services now include, but are not limited to, servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and business intelligence. 

Cloud computing provides the speed, scalability, and flexibility that enables businesses to develop, innovate, and support business IT solutions. 

From <https://www.oracle.com/au/cloud/what-is-cloud-computing/> 

Cloud computing basics 

When a company chooses to “move to the cloud,” it means that its IT infrastructure is stored offsite, at a data center that is maintained by the cloud computing provider. An industry-leading cloud provider has the responsibility for managing the customer’s IT infrastructure, integrating applications, and developing new capabilities and functionality to keep pace with market demands. 

For customers, cloud computing offers more agility, scale, and flexibility. Instead of spending money and resources on legacy IT systems, customers are able to focus on more strategic tasks. Without making a large upfront investment, they can quickly access the computing resources they need—and pay only for what they use. 

From <https://www.oracle.com/au/cloud/what-is-cloud-computing/>

According to techtarget website? 

The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to represent the internet in flowcharts and diagrams. 

From <https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/cloud-computing>

According to salesforce website? 

What is the cloud? 

Moving to the cloud. Running in the cloud. Stored in the cloud. Accessed from the cloud: these days is seeming like everything is happening “in the cloud”. But what exactly is this nebulous concept? 

The short answer is that it's somewhere at the other end of your internet connection – a place where you can access apps and services, and where your data can be stored securely. The cloud is a big deal for three reasons: 

1.      It doesn't need any effort on your part to maintain or manage it.

2.      It's effectively infinite in size, so you don't need to worry about it running out of capacity.

3.      You can access cloud-based applications and services from anywhere – all you need is a device with an internet connection. 

From <https://www.salesforce.com/in/learning-centre/tech/cloudcomputing/> 

How cloud computing works? 

With a cloud app, you just open a browser, log in, and start working. 

That means a field sales representative using cloud-based CRM can get all the information they need from their mobile device. Contact notes can be updated in real time so they are always fresh and complete and available to others – no more waiting to get back to the office to type it in. And sales managers know exactly which deals will close and when, from their desktop machines in their offices, or their tablets or phones when they are out and about. 

From <https://www.salesforce.com/in/learning-centre/tech/cloudcomputing/>

According to sap website? 

Cloud computing has arrived, and everyone is interested in learning more. Your users and customers are used to their personal mobile applications, like Facebook and Google Docs, where they can interact and work anywhere, anytime. But there is much more behind cloud computing than just a modern web interface. Great response time, data storage, information access, reliability, and security are all vital to any business looking into a possible “move to the cloud.” More than likely your peers have told you of their success with cloud computing and how they have the most current technology, much more flexibility, or lower IT costs.

From <https://www.sap.com/insights/what-is-cloud-computing.html> 

These many are the definitions and descriptions of Cloud Computing at your perusal from reputed websites. Choose any one/two or many definitions in your seminar topic article. 

If you find any other related links, please add them in comment section. That will help other students to find the material easily. 

                                                                              …till next post, bye-bye & take-care.