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For the Danish king, see Harald Bluetooth. |
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Developed by |
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Introduced |
7 May
1998; 23 years ago |
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Industry |
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Compatible hardware |
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Physical range |
Typically
less than 10 m (33 ft), up to 100 m (330 ft). |
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Website |
Bluetooth: as per Wikipedia
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2009, Bluetooth integrated circuit chips ship approximately 920 million units annually. By 2017, there were 3.6 billion Bluetooth devices shipping annually and the shipments were expected to continue increasing at about 12% a year.
From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth>
Etymology
The name “Bluetooth” was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach of
Intel, one of the founders of the Bluetooth SIG. The name was inspired by a
conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales
from Frans G. Bengtsson's The Long Ships, a historical novel about Vikings and
the 10th-century Danish king Harald Bluetooth. Upon discovering a picture of
the Harald Bluetooth rune stone[8] in the book Gwyn Jones's A History of the
Vikings, Jim proposed Bluetooth as the codename for the short-range wireless
program which is now called Bluetooth.
Kardach was later quoted as saying, “King Harald
Bluetooth…was famous for uniting Scandinavia just as we intended to unite the
PC and cellular industries with a short-range wireless link.” Bluetooth was
only intended as a placeholder until marketing could come up with something
really cool.
Bluetooth is the Anglicised version of the
Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann (or in Old Norse blátǫnn). It was the epithet of
King Harald Bluetooth, who united the disparate Danish tribes into a single
kingdom; Kardach chose the name to imply that Bluetooth similarly unites
communication protocols.
Logo
The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes
(ᚼ,
Hagall) and
(ᛒ, Bjarkan), Harald's initials.
From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth>
Bluetooth profile
To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able
to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible
applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use
to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. These profiles include settings to
parameterize and to control the communication from the start. Adherence to
profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional
link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that
describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices.
List of applications
Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone
and a handsfree headset.
This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
· Wireless
control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible
car stereo system (and sometimes between
the SIM card and the car phone).
· Wireless
communication between a smartphone and a smart
lock for unlocking doors.
· Wireless
control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones, tablets and
portable wireless
speakers.[36]
· Wireless Bluetooth
headset and Intercom.
Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a Bluetooth".
· Wireless
streaming of audio to headphones with
or without communication capabilities.
· Wireless
streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to phone or
PC.
· Wireless
networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is
required.
· Wireless
communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
· Transfer
of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices
with OBEX and
sharing directories via
FTP.
· Replacement
of previous wired RS-232 serial
communications in test equipment, GPS
receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control
devices.
· For
controls where infrared was
often used.
· For
low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth
is not required and cable-free connection desired.
· Sending
small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other,
discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
· Wireless
bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET)
networks.
· Seventh and eighth
generation game
consoles such as Nintendo's Wii,
and Sony's PlayStation
3 use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
· Dial-up
internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone
as a wireless modem.
· Short-range
transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, set-top
box or dedicated telehealth devices.
· Allowing
a DECT phone
to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile phone.
· Real-time
location systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of
objects in real time using "Nodes" or "tags" attached to,
or embedded in, the objects tracked, and "Readers" that receive and
process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.
· Personal
security application on mobile phones for prevention of theft or loss of items.
The protected item has a Bluetooth marker (e.g., a tag) that is in constant
communication with the phone. If the connection is broken (the marker is out of
range of the phone) then an alarm is raised. This can also be used as a man
overboard alarm. A product using this technology has been available
since 2009.
· Calgary, Alberta,
Canada's Roads Traffic division uses data collected from travelers' Bluetooth
devices to predict travel times and road congestion for motorists.
· Wireless
transmission of audio (a more reliable alternative to FM
transmitters)
· Live
video streaming to the visual cortical implant device by Nabeel Fattah in
Newcastle university 2017.
· Connection
of motion
controllers to a PC when using VR headsets
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Bluetooth vs Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi
is the brand name for products using IEEE
802.11 standards) have some similar applications: setting up networks,
printing, or transferring files. Wi-Fi is intended as a replacement for
high-speed cabling for general local
area network access in work areas or home. This category of
applications is sometimes called wireless
local area networks (WLAN). Bluetooth was intended for portable
equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as the
wireless personal
area network (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in various
personally carried applications in any setting and also works for fixed
location applications such as smart energy functionality in the home
(thermostats, etc.).
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are to some
extent complementary in their applications and usage. Wi-Fi is usually access
point-centered, with an asymmetrical client-server connection with all traffic
routed through the access point, while Bluetooth is usually symmetrical,
between two Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth serves well in simple applications
where two devices need to connect with a minimal configuration like a button
press, as in headsets and speakers.
Devices
Fig 3. A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100 m range
Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, speakers, tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and console gaming equipment as well as some high definition headsets, modems, hearing aids[48] and even watches. Given the variety of devices which use the Bluetooth, coupled with the contemporary deprecation of headphone jacks by Apple, Google, and other companies, and the lack of regulation by the FCC, the technology is prone to interference. Nonetheless Bluetooth is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).
Bluetooth protocols simplify the
discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices can
advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services easier,
because more of the security, network
address and permission configuration can be automated than with many
other network types.
Computer requirements
Fig 4. A typical Bluetooth USB dongle
An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm)
A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth
can use a Bluetooth adapter that enables the PC to communicate with Bluetooth
devices. While some desktop
computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth
radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB
"dongle."
Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth lets multiple devices communicate with a computer over a single adapter.
From <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth>
Technical information
Architecture: Software
Seeking to extend the
compatibility of Bluetooth devices, the devices that adhere to the standard use
an interface called HCI (Host Controller Interface) between the host device
(e.g. laptop, phone) and the Bluetooth device (e.g. Bluetooth wireless
headset).
High-level protocols such as the
SDP (Protocol used to find other Bluetooth devices within the communication
range, also responsible for detecting the function of devices in range), RFCOMM
(Protocol used to emulate serial port connections) and TCS (Telephony control
protocol) interact with the baseband controller through the L2CAP (Logical Link
Control and Adaptation Protocol). The L2CAP protocol is responsible for the
segmentation and reassembly of the packets.
Architecture: Hardware
The hardware that makes up the
Bluetooth device is made up of, logically, two parts; which may or may not be
physically separate. A radio device, responsible for modulating and
transmitting the signal; and a digital controller. The digital controller is
likely a CPU, one of whose functions is to run a Link Controller; and
interfaces with the host device; but some functions may be delegated to
hardware. The Link Controller is responsible for the processing of the baseband
and the management of ARQ and physical layer FEC protocols. In addition, it
handles the transfer functions (both asynchronous and synchronous), audio
coding (e.g. SBC
(codec)) and data encryption. The CPU of the device is responsible for
attending the instructions related to Bluetooth of the host device, in order to
simplify its operation. To do this, the CPU runs software called Link Manager
that has the function of communicating with other devices through the LMP
protocol.
A Bluetooth device is a short-range wireless device.
Bluetooth devices are fabricated on RF
CMOS integrated
circuit (RF
circuit) chips.
Bluetooth protocol stack
Fig 5. Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth is defined as a layer protocol architecture
consisting of core protocols, cable replacement protocols, telephony control
protocols, and adopted protocols. Mandatory protocols for all Bluetooth
stacks are LMP, L2CAP and SDP. In addition, devices that communicate with
Bluetooth almost universally can use these protocols: HCI and
RFCOMM.
From
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth>
What is Bluetooth? As per SONY support
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that can be
used for close-range data transmission from one digital device to another.
Bluetooth is essentially a one-to-one wireless connection that uses 2.4
GHz-band radio waves.
What is a profile?
For two devices to connect using Bluetooth, both
devices must support the same profile. If the devices support different
profiles, they cannot be connected.
Check the specifications of the devices for their
supported profiles.
What is pairing?
When connecting Bluetooth devices for the first
time, registration is required. This process is called pairing.
For details on operation method, refer to the manual
supplied with the product.
From <https://www.sony.co.in/electronics/support/articles/00030769>
For
all discussed seminar topics list click here Index.
…till
next post, bye-bye and take care.
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